Ethereum Foundation Pectra Competition
Help secure Ethereum’s latest code for the benefit of the entire ecosystem.
Pectra Resource Center
Dive deep into resources on the Pectra upgrade.
What is the Pectra upgrade?
Pectra upgrade scheduled for early 2025, it is Ethereum's next major network improvement following the Dencun upgrade in March 2024.
Smart Contract Efficiency
The Pectra upgrade boosts smart contract efficiency on Ethereum with EIPs that fix bottlenecks and enhance functionality for devs and users.
Validator Improvements
Pectra enhances Ethereum’s validator ecosystem through EIP-7251 raising the staking limit and EIP-7742 enabling dynamic blob count adjustments.
EIPs Explained
The Pectra upgrade combines together eight major upgrades, or "Ethereum improvement proposals" (EIPs), into one release. Explore them and their security considerations in more detail below.
EIP-2537
EIP-2537 adds operation on BLS12-381 curve as a precompile in a set necessary to efficiently perform operations such as BLS signature verification.
EIP-2935
EIP-2935 stores and serves last 8192 block hashes as storage slots of a system contract to allow for stateless execution
EIP-6110
EIP-6110 provides validator deposits as a list of deposit operations added to the Execution Layer block
EIP-7002
EIP-7002 allows validators to trigger exits and partial withdrawals via their execution layer (0x01) withdrawal credentials
EIP-7251
EIP-7251 allows validators to have larger effective balances, while maintaining the 32 ETH lower bound
EIP-7549
EIP-7549 moves committee index outside of the signed Attestation message
EIP-7623
EIP-7623 increases calldata cost to reduce maximum block size
EIP-7685
EIP-7685 introduces a general purpose bus for sharing EL triggered requests with the CL
EIP-7691
EIP-7691 increases the number of blobs to reach a new target and max of 6 and 9 blobs per block respectively
EIP-7702
EIP-7702 adds a new tx type that permanently sets the code for an EOA
EIP-7840
EIP-7840 includes a per-fork blob parameters in client configuration files
Ethereum Resource Center
Want to upskill on your general Ethereum knowledge? Look no further.
Introduction to Ethereum
Learn the basics of Ethereum, a decentralized platform for smart contracts and dApps, built to run without downtime, fraud, or interference.
Understanding Ether
Explore what Ether (ETH) is, its role in the Ethereum network, and how it powers transactions and smart contracts within the ecosystem.
Exploring Ethereum Accounts
Understand the different types of accounts in Ethereum, including EOAs and contract accounts, and how they interact with the blockchain.
Understanding Transactions
Delve into the mechanics of transactions on the Ethereum network, including how they are created, signed, and executed.
What Are Ethereum Blocks?
Discover the structure and function of blocks in the Ethereum blockchain, including how they store transaction data and help maintain network security.
Components of a Node: Nodes and Clients
Learn about the different components that make up an Ethereum node, the role of nodes and clients, and how they contribute to the network's operation.
Introduction to Cryptography and Signatures
Get an overview of the cryptographic techniques used in Ethereum, including digital signatures that ensure transaction integrity and authenticity.
Understanding Merkle-Patricia Trie
Explore the data structure known as the Merkle-Patricia Trie, which is used by Ethereum to store key-value pairs in a secure and efficient manner.
What is an Ethereum Improvement Proposal (EIP)?
Learn about Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs), used to propose and implement changes to the Ethereum network.
Proof-of-Stake Consensus Mechanism
Understand the Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, how it differs from Proof-of-Work (PoW), and its benefits for the Ethereum network.
How Block Proposals Work in Proof-of-Stake
Discover how blocks are proposed and validated in a Proof-of-Stake system, including the roles of validators and attestations.
An Introduction to the Beacon Chain
Get to know the Beacon Chain, its role in Ethereum 2.0, and how it helps manage and coordinate the Proof-of-Stake network.
What is the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)?
Explore the Ethereum Virtual Machine, the runtime for smart contracts that powers execution of decentralized applications on Ethereum.
Ethereum Node Architecture Explained
Learn about the architecture of an Ethereum node, including its components and how they work together to maintain the blockchain.
Ethereum Execution Layer Explained
Discover how Ethereum’s execution layer handles smart contract deployment, transaction processing, and network state management.
Foundational Cryptography in Ethereum
An in-depth look at the cryptographic principles and methods that underpin the security and functionality of the Ethereum blockchain.
In-Depth Look into the Beacon Chain
A comprehensive examination of the Beacon Chain, detailing its structure, functionality, and significance in the Ethereum 2.0 upgrade.
Overview of the Gasper Finality Mechanism
Understand the Gasper finality mechanism used in Ethereum's Proof-of-Stake consensus, ensuring blocks are finalized and part of the canonical chain.
Understanding Weak Subjectivity in Proof-of-Stake
Learn about weak subjectivity in the context of Proof-of-Stake, including its implications for network security and validator responsibilities.
What Are Attestations in Ethereum?
Discover the concept of attestations in Ethereum, how they are used in the consensus process, and their importance in maintaining network integrity.
Rewards and Penalties in Proof-of-Stake
Explore the system of rewards and penalties for validators in Ethereum's Proof-of-Stake mechanism, incentivizing honest behavior and network participation.
Proof-of-Stake: Attack and Defense Mechanisms
Learn about the various attack vectors in a Proof-of-Stake system and the defensive measures in place to protect the network.
Ethereum Consensus Specification
An overview of the Ethereum consensus specification, detailing the rules and protocols that ensure the blockchain's consistency and security.
In-Depth Look at Casper Finality Mechanism
A deep dive into the Casper finality mechanism, which helps achieve consensus in Ethereum's Proof-of-Stake network.
EVM Deep Dive Part 1
The first part of an in-depth exploration of the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), covering its architecture and functionality.
EVM Deep Dive Part 2
The second part of the exploration of the EVM, focusing on advanced topics and deeper technical details.
Understanding Gas and Fees
Learn about gas and fees in Ethereum, how they work, and their role in incentivizing miners and validators to process transactions.
Exploring EVM Opcodes
An in-depth look at EVM opcodes, the low-level instructions executed by the Ethereum Virtual Machine.
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